DH and IM edited the manuscript. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that may be construed like a potential conflict of interest. Acknowledgments TNF was a generous gift from Patrick Boyd. precursor cells triggered. Rods start to recover HG6-64-1 at 5 wpf and by 12 wpf they reach a level of recovery comparable to crazy type, but cones remain absent in the adult stage. TNF was recognized in degenerating cones at 5C7 wpf and in Mller glia at 7 wpf in mutants. At 5 wpf, proliferating Mller glia communicate Sox2, followed by Pax6 manifestation in neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs), confirming the neuronal regeneration system is triggered in mutants after 5 wpf. Although acute light-induced damage did not activate proliferation of Mller glia, TNF injection caused Mller glia to commence a proliferative response at 3 wpf in mutants. These results suggest that Mller glia transition from non-proliferative gliosis to a regenerative state in mutants, and that ectopic intro of TNF promotes this Mller cell transition actually NOTCH1 at 3 wpf. Therefore, zebrafish mutants provide a useful model to investigate mechanisms underlying retinal regeneration inside a chronic photoreceptor degeneration model. ((((Iribarne and Masai, 2018). In contrast to the mutant, mutant underwent slower progressive photoreceptor cell degeneration that did not stimulate either Mller glia or pole precursor cell proliferation at an early larval stage (1 wpf) (Iribarne et al., 2017). How these and additional chronic degeneration mutations cause cell death and impact Mller glia reprograming and proliferation is critical to understand the potential of Mller glia to respond to chronic retinal damage in humans. This study examined the retinal regeneration process in zebrafish chronic photoreceptor degeneration mutants, mutants (Iribarne et al., 2017). At 4 wpf, the photoreceptor coating in mutants is definitely thinner than in wild-type siblings, indicating that both pole and cone photoreceptors undergo degeneration. In contrast, the pole photoreceptor coating in mutant adult retinas offers relatively normal morphology, but HG6-64-1 lacks nearly all cones, suggesting that pole photoreceptors are recovered by regeneration. Here, we document regenerative reactions of Mller glia and pole precursors in mutants. Materials and Methods Ethics Statement All zebrafish experiments performed in the Okinawa Institute of Technology and Technology Graduate School (OIST) were carried out in accordance with the OIST Animal Care and Use Program, which is based on the Guidebook for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals from the National Research Council of the National Academies and which is definitely accredited from the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC International). All experimental protocols were authorized by the OIST Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Authorization ID: 2014-8386). All experiments performed in the HG6-64-1 University or college of Notre Dame were approved by the animal use committee in the University or college of Notre Dame and comply with the ARVO statement for the use of animals in vision study. Fish Zebrafish (mutant was originally isolated inside a display of zebrafish visual mutants using a chemical mutagen, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) (Muto et al., 2005). A zebrafish transgenic collection Tg(mutants and wild-type siblings using a FemtoJet communicate microinjector (Eppendorf). Since 3-wpf larval fish show variable body size, we selected average-sized fish from each genotype group for injection. Two rounds of injection were applied intravitreally every 12 h, and fish were sacrificed 12 h later on (24 h after the 1st injection). Samples were immediately fixed in 4% PFA and processed for immunohistochemistry. TUNEL Cryosections from sibling and mutant retinas were used to evaluate cell death. TUNEL was performed using an Cell Death Detection Kit (Roche) and counterstained with TO-PRO-3. The protocol was performed following a manufacturers instructions. EdU Labeling A total of 3 wpf older fish were immerse in 1 mM EdU (5-ethynyl-20-deoxyuridine) bath during 2 h pulse and then washed out to labeling cell proliferation. Fish were sacrificed 3 days later on, fix in 4% PFA and process for EdU detection. EdU detection was performed using Click-iT EdU Alexa Fluor 594 Imaging Kit (Invitrogen) and counterstained with DAPI. The protocol was performed following a manufacturers instructions. Histology Immunolabeling of cryosections and paraffin sections was performed as explained previously. Paraffin sections were pretreated at 120C for 20 min in 10 mM citrate buffer pH 6.0. zpr1 antibody (ZIRC, Eugene, HG6-64-1 Oregon; 1:100), anti-zebrafish rhodopsin (1:5000), proliferating cellular nuclear antigen (PCNA) (clone Personal computer10, Sigma.