FDR values are indicated on each graph. the COVID-19 pandemic, and therefore without influence of vaccination, there is a cytokine signature in patients receiving vedolizumab but not infliximab. These findings lay the groundwork for further studies on immune consequences of viral contamination Sulforaphane in patients with IBD, which is usually postulated to evolve from aberrant host-microbe responses. Subject terms: Inflammatory bowel disease, Viral contamination Introduction Differential effects of biological therapies on immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are of significant interest to patients with IBD and their providers. The CLARITY-IBD study reported that IBD patients receiving vedolizumab mount higher antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 contamination and vaccination compared with those receiving infliximab1C3. Subsequent studies have described functional antibody responses and cellular responses to SARS-CoV-2 in IBD patients receiving biological therapies4. However, the immune pathways underlying these biological treatment effects on antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 contamination remain undefined. Results We asked what circulating immune and inflammatory mediators are associated with antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 contamination in patients with IBD receiving biological therapies. For the New York City cohort of ICARUS-IBD, a multinational study of longitudinal serological responses to SARS-CoV-2, we evaluated the presence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and levels of circulating cytokines5,6. To ensure that serological measurements reflect exposure to SARS-CoV-2 virus within four months and not COVID-19 vaccination, we utilized data and samples collected from visits occurring between 26 May and 15 July 2020 (n?=?235) (Table ?(Table1).1). Most cases in this study were not confirmed due to lack of available testing for patients who did Sulforaphane not require urgent care visits or hospitalization during that time period. The first documented case of COVID-19 in New York City was 1 March 2020 with lockdown beginning 16 March 2020. Seropositive patients in this study reported symptoms from late February through April 2020. Given this, the estimated time period between contamination and sampling was between 1 and 4?months. Patients who were seropositive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) antibodies were followed through chart review and phone calls to patients in?September 2022, of whom 11 of 21 patients responded. Table 1 Patient characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 seropositive patients with IBD in the study.
20FCDInfliximabNone2AsymptomaticMildn/aPfizer (3 doses)Unknown219MCDInfliximabGrowth failure1Asymptomaticn/an/aUnknownUnknown120MCDInfliximabObesity1Asymptomaticn/an/aPfizer (2 doses)Unknown027MCDInfliximabNone1Mild symptoms in March 2020n/an/aJ&J (1 dose)Unknown140MCDInfliximabHypertension1Asymptomaticn/an/aNoneNoneC44MCDInfliximabObesity, Asthma, Hypertension3Mild symptoms in March/April 2020MildMildPfizer (3 doses)Unknown065MCDInfliximabNone1Unknownn/an/aUnknownAnosmia027MUCInfliximabObesity1Mild symptoms March 2020Asymptomaticn/aJ&JNoneC57MUCInfliximab?+?6-mercaptopurineHypertension, DM, HCV1Mild symptoms in March/April 2020n/an/aPfizerTinnitus175FUCInfliximabNone1Mild disease March 2020n/an/aModerna (3 doses)NoneC29MIBD-UInfliximabNone1Asymptomaticn/an/aPfizer (3 doses)Unknown262FCDUstekinumabLupus1Mild disease April 2020n/an/aJ&JNoneC26MCDUstekinumabNone1Mild symptoms February 2020n/an/aPfizer (2 doses)Unknown239MCDVedolizumabNone1Mild disease March 2020n/an/aUnknownNoneC70MCDVedolizumabHIV2Mild disease March 2020Mildn/aModerna (3 doses)Upper extremity neuropathy085MCDVedolizumabHypertension3AsymptomaticModerateMildModerna (3 doses)Unknown027MUCVedolizumab?+?methotrexate (discontinued mid-way through study)None2AsymptomaticMildn/aModerna (4 doses)None034MUCVedolizumabObesity3Mild symptoms April 2020MildMildPfizer (3 doses)Throat discomfort, brain fog, stress046MUCVedolizumabHIV2Hospitalized with severe disease April 2020Moderaten/aPfizer (3 doses)Lower extremity weakness072MUCVedolizumabLipid disorder1Hospitalized with severe disease March 2020n/an/aPfizer (3 doses), Moderna (1 dose)UnknownC77MUCVedolizumabNone1Unknownn/an/aUnknownUnknown0 Open in a separate window Of 21 patients (8.9%) who tested positive Rabbit polyclonal to ARAP3 for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, the anti-S levels in seropositive patients receiving infliximab were lower than in those receiving vedolizumb, consistent with previous studies (p?n?=?2/21) (Table ?(Table1).1). Of infliximab patients, 29%% (2/11) had greater than 1 contamination compared with 63% (5/9) patients receiving vedolizumab, though this was not statistically significant (p?=?0.07). Long COVID symptoms, as defined by the Centers for Diseases and Prevention website, were reported by 40% (2/5) of infliximab, 0% (0/1) of ustekinumab, and 60% of vedolizumab (3/5) patients (p?>?0.05). Open in a separate window Physique 1 Cytokine array reveals unique clustering of IBD patients by presence or absence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. (A) Patient characteristics and antibody results of 235 IBD patients screened for antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. *One patient received certolizumab pegol. All other patients received infliximab. (B) Heatmap of cytokine array results showing the top ten cytokines associated with each cluster. (C) UMAP plot of patients by cluster and SARS-CoV-2 sero-status. (D) Graph showing distribution of total and SARS-CoV-2 seronegative and seropositive patients in clusters 0C5 by percentage of patients within each group, respectively. (E) Cluster distribution of all patients (E) and seropositive.